Outline Of The 13 Colonies – Traditionally, when we tell the story of “Colonial America,” we’re talking about the British colonies on the Eastern Seaboard. The story is not complete—by the time the British began colonizing in earnest, there were many French, Spanish, Dutch, and Russian colonial outposts in America—but the stories of the 13 colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island), New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) is an important one. Colonies created the United States of America.
Sixteenth-century England was a turbulent place. Because they could make more money selling wool than selling food, many landowners turned farmers’ fields into sheep pastures. This led to food shortages; At the same time, many agricultural workers lost their jobs.
Outline Of The 13 Colonies
The 16th century was also the age of mercantilism, a highly competitive economic philosophy that encouraged European nations to acquire as many colonies as possible. As a result, most British colonies in North America were commercial ventures. They provide an outlet for Britain’s growing population and (sometimes) more religious freedom than Britain, but their main goal is to make money for their supporters.
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In 1606, King James I divided the Atlantic coast in two, giving the south to the London Company (later the Virginia Company) and the north to the Plymouth Company.
The first English settlement in North America was actually established about 20 years earlier in 1587, when a group of colonists (91 men, 17 women, and nine children) led by Sir Walter Raleigh settled on Roanoke Island. Mysteriously, in 1590 the Roanoke colony completely disappeared. Historians still don’t know what happened to the citizens.
In 1606, a few months after James I issued his charter, the London Company sent 144 men to Virginia on three ships: the Godspeed, the Discovery, and the Susan Constant. They reached the Chesapeake Bay in the spring of 1607 and proceeded 60 miles up the James River, where they established a settlement called Jamestown.
The colonists of Jamestown had a hard time: they were so busy searching for gold and other export resources that they could not feed themselves. The colony seemed to survive until 1616, when Virginia colonists learned how to grow tobacco. The first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619.
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In 1632, the English crown granted approximately 12 million acres of land at the head of the Chesapeake Bay to Cecilius Calvert, the second Duke of Baltimore. The colony, named Maryland after the queen, was similar to Virginia in many ways. Landowners produced tobacco on large plantations that relied on the labor of indentured servants and (later) enslaved laborers.
But unlike Virginia’s founders, Lord Baltimore was a Catholic, and he believed his colony would become a sanctuary for persecuted co-religionists. Maryland is known for its policy of religious tolerance for all.
The first English settlers to colonize New England were a small group of Puritan separatists, later known as the Pilgrims, who arrived in Plymouth in 1620 to establish Plymouth Colony. Ten years later, a wealthy syndicate called the Massachusetts Bay Company sent a much larger (and more liberal) group of Puritans to establish another Massachusetts settlement. With the help of local natives, the colonists soon mastered farming, fishing, and hunting, and Massachusetts prospered.
As Massachusetts settlement expanded, they formed a new colony in New England. Puritans who thought Massachusetts was not pious enough established the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven (both were incorporated in 1665). Meanwhile, the Puritans, who found Massachusetts too restrictive, formed the colony of Rhode Island, where everyone, including Jews, enjoyed complete “religious freedom.” Just north of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a few adventurous settlers formed the New Hampshire Colony.
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In 1664, King Charles II granted the territory between New England and Virginia, much of which was occupied by Dutch merchants and landowners known as the Patrons, to his brother James, Duke of York. The British soon absorbed Dutch New Netherland and renamed it New York.
Most of the Dutch who lived there (as well as Belgian Flemings and Walloons, French Huguenots, Scandinavians and Germans) stayed. This made New York one of the most diverse and prosperous colonies in the New World.
In 1680, the king granted 45,000 square miles of land west of the Delaware River to William Penn, a Quaker who owned large tracts of land in Ireland. Penn’s possessions in North America became the colony of “Penn’s Woods” or Pennsylvania.
Attracted by the rich land and religious tolerance that Bene promised, people moved there from all over Europe. Like their Puritan counterparts in New England, most of these settlers paid their own way to the colonies—they were not indentured servants—and had enough money to sustain themselves once they arrived. As a result, Pennsylvania quickly became a prosperous and relatively egalitarian place.
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In contrast, the Carolina Colony, which stretched south from Virginia to Florida and west to the Pacific Ocean, was far less cosmopolitan. Farmers in the north are struggling to make ends meet. In the South, planters presided over extensive plantations producing corn, timber, beef and pork, and—beginning in the 1690s—rice.
These Carolinians had close ties to the British growing colony on the Caribbean island of Barbados, which relied heavily on African slave labor and many were involved in the slave trade. As a result, slavery played an important role in the development of the Carolina colony. (It split into North Carolina and South Carolina in 1729.)
In 1732, motivated by the need to create a buffer between the South Carolina and Spanish settlements in Florida, Englishman James Oglethorpe established the colony of Georgia. In many ways, Georgia’s growth has mirrored South Carolina’s.
By 1700, there were about 250,000 European settlers and African slaves in the British North American colonies. In 1775, just before the revolution, there were 2.5 million people. The colonists had nothing in common, but they were able to unite and fight for their freedom.
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American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) After American colonists raised issues of taxation without representation, this was expressed by laws such as the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts. Tensions came to a head during the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, when “the shells were heard round the world”.
It is not without caveats; The Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770 and the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773 expressed the colonists’ dissatisfaction with British rule in the colony.
The Declaration of Independence, issued on July 4, 1776, explained why the Founding Fathers felt compelled to break away from the powers of George III and Parliament to start a new nation. In September of that year, the Continental Congress declared the “United Colonies” of America the “United States of America”.
The Continental Army helped capture Britain at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, and France joined the war on the colonial side in 1778. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, ending the American Revolution and granting independence to the original 13 colonies.
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