Monarch Butterfly Wing Pattern – A butterfly’s shape and color come from other genes; However, it is not only genes, but a complex series of regulatory processes that cause the diversity of butterflies. This relationship depends on the color, texture, and appearance of the pigment.
One fateful Saturday in late July, I saw a large tiger swallowtail butterfly floating in the warm evening air. He landed safely on our butterfly bush and took some time to drink the nectar.
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He opened and closed his wings, revealing a fun pattern of yellow, black veins and blue spots.
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All butterfly wings have a natural, geometric pattern of color and shape that provides a lot of information—a warning to predators, a way to hide, a beacon to a potential mate.
And yet, for all the art that we see, it is actually genetics – a secret mixed with instructions that determine the connection between these genes. The genetic playbook.
Sports are a good metaphor for thinking about the butterfly problem, since genetics is only one side of the story. Some genes are “benched”, or turned off, while others are not. Some genes are “transcribed” while others are not. And genes can play multiple “roles” in certain situations.
Understanding this game is difficult because the few signaling mechanisms that are conserved in different species have different types of shapes and colors (Majo-Vargas et al., 2017).
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Let’s start with the genetics behind the butterfly pattern and color. There are two genes that play important roles, WntA and optix.
Imagine drawing a picture of a butterfly. Most of us start by drawing in pencil, making sure to outline the veins, each eye and other structures. When you are satisfied, you start to fill in with paint using a brush or pencil or markers.
The WntA gene is essential for production. This represents your pencil used to define the shape.
Looking at the role of WntA, researchers trying to understand its role did what they do best – they knocked out or knocked out the gene using CRISPR technology.
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You might think that in all butterflies, the gene acts the same way. This is not the case. Keep in mind that it is surprising how many conservation strategies drive different types of biodiversity.
Loss of WntA in one type of butterfly produces very different phenotypic results than loss of its function in another type of butterfly (or type in these examples).
), loss of function of WntA resulted in a loss of central symmetry system (Mazo-Vargas et al., 2017).
The central symmetry system is one of the three symmetrical systems of nymphalid butterflies and is shown in the nymphalid ground plan (see Figure 1 for a conceptual illustration). Think of the floor plan as a standard map used for many butterflies of the Nymphalidae family.
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Two other symmetrical systems of the nymphalid ground plan include the basal symmetry system and the lateral symmetry system (McKenna, Cudiea, & Nijhout, 2020).
Figure 2 Butterfly species chart. The butterflies on this chart belong to the same family ( Nymphalidae ). However, each butterfly is of its own kind and species. Family symmetry is important because everyone belongs to the Nymphalidae, but monarch butterflies do not follow the nymphalid floor plan, in which the symmetry system is not visible.
Mazo-Varges et al. found that loss of central symmetry occurred in the other two nymphalid butterflies they studied, the colored lady butterfly (Parge ageria) and the painted lady butterfly (
In the tip of the Sara longwing butterfly (Heliconius saara), loss of WntA caused the loss of yellow stripes (see Figure 3).
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Figure 3 Schematic diagram of wild-type and WntA (-) H. deletion. The loss of function resulted in the loss of the central symmetry system. Another result is the appearance of a red line.
At a lower level, loss of wntA caused similar reactions. However, in organisms that diverge from the nymphalid plan, Mazo-Vargues et al. Different results were observed.
Monarchs are known for their bright orange color that contrasts with the dark, web-like veins. H. sara is known for having black wings, red spots on the hindwing (underside), and yellow stripes.
However, both kings and H. sara are in the same family, Nymphalidae. And although the kings belong to the same family, their pattern differs from the pattern of the nymphalid soil (Figure 1). For example, monarch butterflies do not have a symmetrical central pattern.
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In monarch butterflies where the gene was knocked out, the appearance of white veins was “enhanced.” This stretch appears as a fixed orange color or a white line around the black veins that have spread in the orange color.
In most cases, the white structure is a thin layer of veins (difficult to see on normal images but scroll down to image 10 to see the fluorescent pattern).
Figure 4 Conceptual image comparing wild-type monarch and wntA (−) small butterflies. The thin white line indicates the veins of wild-type kings. This line is not visible. Loss of function in wqntA leads to the loss of white line boundaries, which leads to white “growth” around blood vessels and around spots.
So, from an artist’s point of view, the lack of wntA goes from drawing with a pencil to drawing your outlines with watercolors and a brush.
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Now that we’ve talked about the sketching tool, it’s time to dig into the brush and colors. Researchers have discovered that the optics gene determines the color of a butterfly.
Interestingly, this conserved gene is expressed in the eyes of insects. The fact that it has a butterfly-like aspect has led some researchers to explore the concept of recruitment or coordination.
To clarify, the optics gene plays a long-term role in insect eyes. Researchers are interested in understanding how the gene works in the wings from its function in the eyes. In other words, how they were recruited to participate in the wing.
It is believed that networks including genes are written. Also, the researcher Antonia Montero believes that the genes present in other areas, in this case the wings, are controlled by a new DNA sequence (Callier, 2018).
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But as we established with wntA, what works one way in one species can work another way in different organisms.
Optix is no exception. In Heliconius bufferflies, the optics are behind the red and yellow colored wings. When this gene is released, the color intensity is lost and the wings appear grey.
Structural paint differs from pigment paint in that it relies on texture and light to achieve color effects (see video below). Consider the iridescent feathers of some birds that change in the light.
In other words, it controls the condition of the fin scales (lamina) (Marine Biological Laboratory, 2020).
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Figure 6 is a typical Buckeye. These species display a vivid blue color that can be seen through the scales of their wings. The color shown is determined by the thickness of the lamina.
Video This video shows the results of the build model. Watch the purple butterfly’s color of red spots change as it moves, and its wings can light up.
It appears that the common buckeye develops several colors when the thickness of the wing lamina (lamina) is changed.
To show the blue color, the lamina is 75 percent thicker than the lamina found in wild-type blue.
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The researchers examined different species of Junonia and found that the structure of all these species is derived from the lamina. Each different species produces different sizes, which in turn create different species (Marine Biological Laboratory, 2020).
Although optic is one of the genes responsible for the appearance of the lamina, researchers are investigating other genes and genetic relationships.
When a butterfly sits on a plant to drink nectar, you often see its wings open and close. When you open it, you will see the back of the wing. When folded, you will see the bottom side, which is called the ventral side.
In many species, these two aspects are very different. Most of the time the dorsal side is very bright, full of these amazing shapes and bright different colors. However, the ventral side is vague and unpleasant.
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Figure 7 shows the difference between the impressive dorsal side and the silent side of the butterfly.
As you might expect, since this is common among animals, the most common dorsal function is to attract mates. Another function that researchers believe is to provide warning to enemies.
In fact, when it comes to warning signs in animals, there are two main indicators: high chromatic contrast and high contrast. We can easily detect color contrast or chromatic contrast. However, researchers have found that light can be a very important signal (Prudick, Schemp, & Papaz, 2007).
Naturally, this raises the question, what drives this growth? What a responsibility
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