Mexico And Central America Capitals – Central America is a land bridge connecting North and South America, with the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east. A central mountain range dominates the interior from Mexico to Panama. The Central American coastal plain has a tropical and subtropical Type A climate. In the inland mountains, the climate varies with altitude. As people move to higher mountains, the temperature will get lower and lower. Belize is the only way to escape this inland mountain range. The fertile soil and mild climate attracted more people to live in the mountains than in the coastal areas.
Hurricanes, tropical storms, earthquakes, and volcanic activity have brought serious environmental problems to Central America. In 1998, Hurricane Mitch hit the region, devastating Nicaragua and El Salvador, countries already ravaged by civil war in previous years.
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Over time, volcanic activity near the middle of the mountain created the famous Highland Volcanoes, which attracted people to farming. Central America has historically been the economic region where most people work the land. As the region urbanized and industrialized, household sizes were larger than average, and rural-urban flows dominated migration patterns. Natural disasters, poverty, extended families and lack of economic opportunity make life difficult for much of Central America.
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Alpine mountains run through Central and South America. The Andes in South America are the longest mountain range in the world, and there are plenty of them in the tropics as well. Tropical regions often have a cold type A climate. Importantly in Latin America, while the climate at the base of the Andes can be a Type A climate, the climate and activities suitable for different regions vary as one goes up the mountain. The climate at the base of a mountain range is different from the climate at the top. H-type altitude climates describe mountainous regions that exhibit different climate types at different altitudes.
Human activities vary with altitude, and activities can be categorized into areas based on altitude. Each region has its own type of vegetation and agriculture to suit the climate at that altitude. Temperatures drop by 3.5ºF for every thousand feet of elevation gain. In the tropics of Latin America, there are five high temperature zones. Elevation zones may vary depending on a particular location’s distance from the equator.
From sea level to 2,500 feet is the wet lowlands on the coastal plain. The coastal plain on the west coast of Central America is narrow, while the Caribbean coast is wide. Vegetation includes tropical forests and tropical cash crops. Food crops include bananas, cassava, sweet potatoes, yams, corn, beans and rice. At this stage, cattle are raised and sugar cane is an important economic crop. Cold illnesses are most common, and adults aren’t always drawn to the area.
2,500 to 6,000 feet is an area where temperatures are below sea level. This is the most populous region in Latin America. Four of the seven capitals of the Central American Republic are located in the region. The area offers an attractive living environment due to the temperate climate that attracts human activity. The best coffee is grown at these altitudes, as are many other food crops, including wheat and other small crops.
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From 6,000 feet to 12,000 feet is the highest area found in Mesoamerica. This area is usually the end of the tree line; very few trees grow north of this area. At these altitudes, the growing season is short and moderate, still perfect for growing wheat, barley, potatoes or corn. Livestock can graze and grow on grasslands. The Inca Empire in the Andes of South America flourished in this region.
Some classify this as a “Pune” area. At this height, there are no trees. The only human activity is raising livestock such as sheep or llamas on any of the low grasslands in the highlands. Snow and cold rule the region. Central America will not be affected
There is little human activity above 15,000 feet. There is ice and snow and very little vegetation. Many taxonomies associate this field with
Before the arrival of European colonial powers, American tribes ruled Mesoamerica. The Mayans are still prominent in the north, making up half of Guatemala’s population. Other Native American groups are found in the South, many of whom still speak their native languages and maintain traditional customs. People of European descent or upper-class mestizos now lead the political and economic power of Mesoamerica. Native American groups found themselves at the bottom of the economic ladder.
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During the colonial period, Spanish conquistadors ruled Central America, except for the territory of Belize, which until 1981 was a British colony known as British Honduras. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica were colonies of Spain and became independent from Spain in the 1820s. Panama was part of Colombia until the United States launched an independence movement in 1903 and opened the Panama Canal. As in the case of colonization, the dominant religions and local languages of the Mesoamerican states were those of the European colonists, in this case Roman Catholic and Spanish. In some cases, languages and religions took on different forms, blending traditions and Europeans to create unique regional cultural environments.
Approximately 50% of Central America’s population lives in rural areas, with large households due to an agriculturally based economy. Until the 1990s, the average family size was about 6 children. As post-industrial pressures take hold in Central America, the average family size has shrunk to almost half what it was before the 1990s and is still shrinking. For example, the World Bank reports that in Nicaragua, the average woman has 2.68 children in her lifetime (World Bank). Rural-to-urban transitions are common, and as an area undergoes more urbanization and industrialization, family sizes will further decrease.
During the 20th century, much of Central America experienced growth akin to Level 2 of the Economic Growth Index. Tier 1 cities and urban centers are feeling the effects of the change as the rise of the electricity sector and manufacturing companies looking for cheap labor has pushed many regions into Phase 3 development.
Over the years, larger family sizes have produced a population with a higher proportion of young people and a lower proportion of older people. Cities are often filled with young migrants from the countryside with little or no housing. Rapid urbanization puts pressure on urban areas as services, infrastructure and housing cannot keep pace with population growth. Slums with private housing estates have emerged around existing urban infrastructure. The US has also become a destination for people looking for opportunities or opportunities not found in these cities.
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Just as Canada, the United States, and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into law in 1994, the United States and the five Central American countries signed the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) in 2006. Business representatives from El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and the United States. The CAFTA-DR agreement, which includes the Dominican Republic, was ratified in 2007. In 2010, Costa Rica’s parliament approved a measure to join the agreement. CAFTA is backed by the same forces that support neocolonialism in other parts of the world.
The purpose of CAFTA is to reduce trade barriers between the United States and Central America, thereby affecting employment, human rights, and wealth flows. During the CAFTA negotiations, US political forces made CAFTA a top priority, arguing that it would help advance the possibility of a US Free Trade Area (FTAA), which would create markets for the US.
Countries acquire national wealth in three main ways: creation, extraction, or production. However, these methods can only contribute to the wealth of the country if the wealth stays at home. Through free trade agreements like NAFTA and CAFTA, the wealth gained from more profitable and costly manufacturing does not stay in the manufacturing country. Instead, profits are transferred to a foreign company that manages the company’s operations. Multinational corporations see Central American countries as places to do business; they can take advantage of cheap labor while providing jobs for locals. These benefits should reduce product prices for consumers.
Protest marches and anti-CAFTA activities have taken place in many Central American countries. Costa Rica is one of the most stable countries in the region, but there are problems beyond the agreement due to voter opposition. One of the main arguments of opponents of CAFTA is that the wealth created by exploiting available cheap labor will not last.
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