Informal Lab Report – MAE 305 Informal Lab Report 1 Topic: Determination of Volume Ratio Using Ideal Gas Mixing Process Name: HARID AKPOGHENOBORDATE: September 20, 2021 SET 1 PARTNER: NICK HUNSECKERJHONATHAN ZAPATANICK JOHNSONKIERSTIN BERRY START
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the volume ratio of two vessels using an ideal gas mixing process. The idea is to slowly flow air from the pressurized vessel into the pressurized vessel to transfer heat and equalize the pressure.
Informal Lab Report
The pressure measurements in the two containers during the initial and final states of the air are then used to find the volume ratio of the two containers. The equation used was derived using the ideal gas equation and assumes that air behaves as an ideal gas.
Me3122 1 Informal Lab Report
Finally, the achieved volume ratio values are compared with the expected results to assess the extent to which the test objectives have been achieved and to identify possible sources of error that may cause variation.
The calculated volume ratio ranges from 2.4 to 2, which is essentially consistent with our theoretical value. However, in round 3 we get a 2 which is slightly higher, thus increasing our error rate. The average value of the volume ratio obtained from the tests was 2. And the hope is 2. The difference is close to 0, which indicates that the experiment provided very accurate results, which can be considered a good estimate.
In conclusion, the experiment was successful because we were able to achieve all our goals. At the end of the experiment, we were able to calculate the volume ratio and found that the average was 2. At the same time, the error analysis was done, and it was found that it is relatively close to the expected value, which means that the source of the error is at a minimum.
Upload your notes here and receive cash within minutes and within 48 hours. 2 Plaque Assay: Counting Phage in Suspension Purpose: a. Understand how phages are grown and cultivated b. Calculate the titer (pfu/mL) of the phage stock solution
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2 Identification of lysogenic phages and comparison of lysogenic phages Use the phage release properties of lysogenic bacteria to identify lysogenic cultures b. Explore different plaque morphologies
Informal Lab Report #2 using the results provided for this lab in Avenue for Learning. Unofficial lab reports are due by 2:30pm two days after your lab session.
Where there are bacteria, there are viruses that attack them. Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages or bacteriophages. It consists of a protein capsid and usually a DNA genome. Like all viruses, phages can only replicate within specific host cells, and are not living entities. To infect a cell, a virus particle attaches to the cell surface and delivers its DNA into the cell, where it begins replication, replication and translation, and uses many parts of the host cell’s machinery to produce more virus particles.
Phages have been used as research tools to elucidate cellular functions. Phage φX174 was the first genome ever sequenced (Sanger et al., 1977), and phage T4 (shown here) was used to understand DNA replication. The most frequently used DNA ligase in cloning experiments is the product of bacteriophage T4 (Fareed and Richardson, 1967).
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Because viruses cannot replicate on their own, researchers must grow them in susceptible cells. Most phages lyse host cells and release newly formed virus particles into the environment, which then infect other cells. In this way bacterial cultures can be infected and after a few hours the phage will lyse everything
Booth A simple centrifugation step to remove bacterial cell debris leaves the virus in the medium. In culture this retentate of virus is called virus lysate, or in the case of bacteriophages, phage lysate.
Sometimes it is necessary to isolate individual viruses, especially when trying to identify different types of viruses in unknown samples. This is done using a technique called a plaque assay. Host cells are infected with phage, and the mixture is added to agar medium and plated onto agar plates. The agar contains the lysed virus particles in the cells immediately adjacent to the initially infected cells. This local lysis of the bacterial plaque creates a cleared area called a plaque.
It can fix atmospheric nitrogen and form symbiotic relationships with frogs, especially alfalfa, attaching plants by root hairs and forming nodules. The plant provides a source of carbon to the bacteria in the nodules, and in return the bacteria provide nitrogen to the plant in the form of ammonia.
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It is used as a research tool for gene transfer because it can transfer DNA from one host cell to another (Finan et al. 1984). Its genome sequence is known (see Brewer et al., 2014).
In this lab, you will determine the titer or concentration of phage in a stock solution. Phage titers are expressed as plaque forming units per milliliter (pfu/mL). Because phage stock titers are often very high (eg > 10 9 pfu/mL), you will need to serially dilute the phage prior to inoculation to visualize individual plaques. The sample you will get has been diluted 1/105 of the original stock solution – factor this into your final density calculation.
To perform a plaque assay, you add bacterial cells and phage to diluted soft agar medium, then pour the mixture onto agar plates. Note that the soft agar will harden quickly when removed from the bath, so only remove the tubes when you are ready to pour them onto a plate.
Tube LBmc Phage Concentration Factor 10-6 900 µL 100 µL from supplied 10-5 Tube 106 (1 in 10 6 ) 10-7 900 µL 100 µL from 10-6 Tube 107 (1 in 10-8 1001) 901 µL 108 out of 10-7 tubes (1 in 10 8)
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* Total phage volume S5 100 µL 100 µL from 10-5 stock 200 µL S6 100 µL 100 µL from tube 10-6 200 µL S7 100 µL 100 µL from 10-7 tube 200 µL S8 200 µL 701 tube 8 tube 200 µL phage 100 µL 100 µL LBmc medium 200 µL ***** added in step 2 4. Let the mixture of phage and bacteria stand for 15 minutes at room temperature to allow the phage to lyse (attach) to the bacterial cell. Label your LBmc board while you wait. 5. After the 15 minute adsorption period, remove 5 tubes of melted soft agar from the 45 o C water bath. For each phage-bacteria mixture, pipette the entire volume (200 µL) of the mixture into a soft agar tube, gently swirl or invert the tube or roll between hands, and streak onto the appropriate LBmc plate. Immediately invert/shake the plate to cover the entire surface with soft agar. Do this quickly so that the agar solidifies as it cools!
You may prefer to remove a tube or two from the water bath to keep the soft agar as warm as possible.
6. Allow to incubate on the soft agar for 5-10 minutes, then incubate the plate upside down at 30 o C. The plates will be incubated for 24 hours and then placed in a 4 o C freezer.
After incubation, count the number of platelets on the plate and calculate the titer of the original phage stock in plaque forming units (pfu)/mL. If you have multiple plate counts on multiple plates, calculate the pfu/mL for each plate and take the average as the final titer value. 30 – 300 plates per plate are usually considered. Take pictures of each plate individually to include in your post-lab assignment (see Informal Lab Report #2 for details).
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Phage ΦM12, founder of a new group of T4 superfamily phages. virology 450-451:84-97. ncbi.nlm.nih/pubmed/ Fareed GC and Richardson CC. 1967. Enzymatic cleavage and binding of deoxyribose nucleic acids, II. Structural gene for polynucleotide ligase in bacteriophage T4.
., USA 58, 665-672. Finan TM, Hartweig E, LeMieux K, Bergman K, Walker GC, Signer ER. 1984. Public transportation
J Bacteriology. 159 (1): 120-4. Wessner, D., Dupont, C. and Charles, T. C. 2013. Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Hoboken, NJ. In short: In short, you did this lab. For observational and isolation lab reports, you simply want to inform the reader of your previous research/readings on the topic and point out gaps in your knowledge and understanding of the topic prior to your experiments. In other words, it’s the target section! Materials and Methods – List the materials needed to repeat this experiment and describe your method (dissection procedure), how the microscope was used.
Example image/name/enlargement|Architecture|Patterns and functions| (photo)|Identify the type of house, existing components, special features. Description
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