Map Of Ancient Middle East Civilizations – Late Ancient Egypt refers to the last survival of native Egyptian kings after the Third Intermediate Period of the 26th Saite Dynasty founded by Psamtik I; However, after the conquest of Cambyses II in 525 BC, Egypt was ruled by the Achaemid Persians. Well. The Late Period lasted from 664 BC to 332 BC; Beginning with a brief period of foreign rule and Neo-Assyrian rule by the 25th dynasty of the Nubians, Psamtik I began to rule as their governor. This period ended with Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Persian Empire and the founding of the Ptolemaic dynasty by Ptolemy I Soter, a general from the Hellenistic diadochi of Macedon in northern Greece. The Hellenistic Egyptian era began with the Macedonian conquest of Greece in the second half of the 4th century BC.

The city of Sais, also known as the Saiite Dynasty, ruled from 672 to 525 BC and included six pharaohs after the 26th Dynasty came to power. It began with the unification of Egypt under Psamtik I c. 656 BC It was a direct consequence of the Assyrian Sack of Thebes in 663 BC. He built a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea.

Map Of Ancient Middle East Civilizations

Egypt seems to have expanded into the Near East early in this period. Numerous archaeological finds from the Levant reveal Egyptian occupation and control during the last decades of the 7th century BC. They include Egyptian artifacts from many places; Includes ostraca and documents showing the tax system and evidence from the Mezad Hashavyahu fortress.

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Egyptian influence reached the Euphrates region at places like Kimuhu and Quramati. Egyptian interference in the Near East appears to have continued after this battle, but they were repulsed by the defeat at Carcemish.

Amasis II followed a new policy and directed his interests towards the Melnik world. He occupied Cyprus during his reign.

In the south Psamtik II led a military expedition deep into upper Nubia and defeated them decisively.

A papyrus from the reign of Ahmose II describes a minor expedition to Nubia; Its nature is unclear. There is archaeological evidence of an Egyptian camp at Dorginarti in Lower Nubia during the Saite period.

Ancient Near East

A major contribution from late ancient Egypt is the Brooklyn Papyrus. It is a medical treatise that compiles medical and magical remedies for snakebite victims based on the type of snake or symptoms.

Artwork during this time represented animal worship and animal mummies. In this image the god Pataikos wears cow dung on his head; two human heads resting on his shoulders; He is shown standing on the backs of crocodiles, holding a snake in each hand.

The First Achaemid period (525–404 BC) began with the Battle of Pelusium, and Egypt (Old Persian: 𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 Mudrāya) was conquered by the vast Achaemid Empire under Cambyses, who became a viceroy. Egypt’s 27th dynasty included Persian emperors – Cambyses, Xerxes I, and Darius the Great – who ruled Egypt as pharaohs and ruled through their crimes. Petubastis III of Egypt (522-520 BC) (and the controversial Psammetichus IV, ) who rebelled against Persian rule. The failed rebellion of Inaros II (460-454), supported by the Athians as part of the Delian League’s wars, was motivated to achieve the same goal. The Persian legions were defeated by Arriandes (525–522 BC; 518–c.496 BC) – the rebellious pharaoh Pitubast III; Pharaohs (c.496–c.486 BC), Achaemes (c. 486–459 BC), – Emperor Xerxes I and brother of Arsames (454-c.406 BC).

Amyrtaeus, the only king in the twenty-eighth dynasty; Prince of Sais He successfully revolted against the Persians and led the last important period of Egypt’s independence under the kings. The native king. He left no monuments in his name. This dynasty reigned for six years from 404 BC to 398 BC.

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The 29th Dynasty was ruled by Mdes between 398 and 380 BC. King Hakor of this dynasty was able to defeat the Persian invasion.

The Thirtieth Dynasty took their art form from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. 3 pharaohs ruled from 380 to 343 BC. Nectanebo I, the first king of the dynasty, defeated a Persian invasion in 373 BC. His successor Teos then led an expedition against the Achaemid Empire in the Near East. The expedition began to meet with some success, and traveled to Phoicia without particular trouble. Unfortunately for Teos, His brother Tjahapimu is blaming him. Tjahapimu convinced his son Nectanebo II to rebel against Teos and install himself as pharaoh. The plan succeeded and the expedition was aborted, leaving the traitorous Teos with no choice but to flee. The last king of this dynasty and the last native king of Egypt was Nectanebo II. It was Nectanebo II who lost the battle that allowed the Achaemid Empire to be reunited.

The Second Achaemid period saw the consolidation of Egypt under the rule of the Persian Empire under the rule of the Persian Empire (343-332 BC) under the rule of the Persian emperors (343-343-338 BC). BC), Artaxerxes IV (338–336 BC) and Darius III (336–332 BC) – interrupted by the rebellion of the non-Achaemid Khababash (338–335 BC). Persian rule in Egypt ended in 332 BC with the defeat of the Achaemid Empire by Alexander the Great, who accepted the surrender of Egypt’s Persian Mazaces. Death of Alexander to the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Attempts have been made to follow the citation format rules, but there may be some differences. If you have questions, refer to the appropriate style guide or other resources.

Ancient Middle East Prehistoric Mesopotamia; Local history up to the rise of civilizations in Egypt and elsewhere.

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A long culture in the Middle East, summer or winter; This is mainly due to the existence of land bridges and sea channels which are easy to travel in dry or rainy season. Because of the harsh climate and central Eurasia, which tends to be very dry in summer, it is almost impossible for many people to travel north of the Caspian Sea in winter. Early land transit between Asia and Africa was limited to a narrow strip of land in the Suez Archipelago. Large-scale desert tourism is limited to specific routes in Iran and North Africa, both east and west of the Nile Valley.

Another reason for this region’s early importance in world history was its water supply and ideal climate for introducing agriculture. Some grains grow wild, and there are swamps that can easily be sown with wheat and barley, or easily drained or damaged. Some crops only need to be spread on a sufficiently moist surface to ensure that they are grown under normal conditions. It is therefore not surprising to find evidence of simple agriculture from the 8th or 9th millennium BC. Excavations were carried out in various places, especially in Palestine. Bones and flint crescents were found at Palestinian sites between 9000 and 7000 BC.

In Mesopotamia and Iran, fossils from this period appear in caves in the lower Zagros Mountains of western Iran and western Iraq. The date of the start of large-scale irrigation in Mesopotamia is questionable, as most of the early sites of the Irrigation Culture were long covered by the accumulation of silt from the spring floods of the Tigris River. Archaeologists once thought that all irrigation originated in the foothills of the Zagros and that the first true farmers lived in the plains of Iran. However, recent excavations and surface excavations have proven that irrigation canals on the upper Tigris and Euphrates, as well as their tributaries, existed as early as the 6th millennium BC (e.g. Al-Qom on the upper Euphrates). Small-scale irrigation was practiced in Palestine (eg Jericho) in the 7th millennium BC.

In northern and eastern Mesopotamia; The main streams were soon partially diverted as intermediate river floods flowed into channels that ran more or less parallel to the rivers. Such diverted irrigation avoids the self-destructive disadvantages of large dams; This avoids the risk of dumping large amounts of minerals, especially in the reservoir behind the dam. on the north and east; Southern Mesopotamia is a large, plain-like plain. Early Egypt’s delta was no later than the 5th millennium BC, and substantial urban structures arose in places such as Nineveh. The Euphrates has a much smaller discharge than the nearby Tigris. However, the latter is more important for irrigation because it is faster, but much more difficult.

Ancient Egypt Geography

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